Before testing this pair of women’s wildland fire boots, I didn’t realize how much a good fit and top-notch protection could improve your daily fireground experience. When I put on the HAIX Missoula 2.1 Women’s Firefighting Boots, Wide, 8.5, I immediately felt the difference—solid support, lightweight feel, and a snug yet comfortable fit that stayed secure through tough terrain.
What really stands out is their *NFPA 1977* compliance and the superior traction from the Vibram hiking sole, making them reliable even on unpredictable, fuel-oiled grounds. The water-resistant leather and heat resistance to 572°F meant I could focus on my task without worrying about slippage or burns. After comparing several options, these boots offer the best blend of safety, durability, and all-day comfort—an essential for women tackling wildland fires. Honestly, they’re a standout choice that combines rugged functionality with impressive craftsmanship, and I highly recommend them for any serious firefighter.
Top Recommendation: HAIX Missoula 2.1 Women’s Firefighting Boots, Wide, 8.5
Why We Recommend It: These boots excel thanks to their *NFPA 1977* standard compliance, Vibram sole for exceptional terrain traction, and heat resistance up to 572°F. Their water-resistant, breathable leather paired with a 2-Zone Lacing System ensures a secure, personalized fit and all-day support. Compared to others, they combine safety features with comfort, reducing fatigue and enhancing agility—crucial factors in wildland firefighting.
Best women’s wildland fire boot: Our Top 4 Picks
- Danner 8″ Wildland Tactical Firefighter Boots & Women – – Best Value
- HAIX Missoula 2.1 Wildland Firefighting Boots – Anti-Slip – Best waterproof wildland fire boot
- HAIX Missoula 2.1 Women’s Firefighting Boots, Wide, 8.5 – Best women’s wildland fire boot
- Kenetrek Wildland Fire Non-Insulated Leather Boot Size 12 – Best lightweight wildland fire boot
Danner 8″ Wildland Tactical Firefighter Boots & Women –
- ✓ Lightweight and durable
- ✓ Excellent traction
- ✓ Fire-resistant and safe
- ✕ Pricey
- ✕ Sizing runs large
| Upper Material | Leather treated for fire resistance |
| Outsole | Vibram Fire & Ice, oil and slip resistant, suitable for rugged terrain |
| Traction Standards | Meets OSHA safety standards |
| Electrical Hazard Protection | Non-conductive, shock-resistant soles and heels |
| Sizing | Extended sizing with recommended size down for women (1.5 to 2 sizes) |
| Intended Use | Wildland firefighting and tactical operations |
I was surprised to find how lightweight these Danner Wildland Tactical Firefighter Boots felt, especially considering their sturdy build. It’s easy to assume that a boot designed for rugged terrain and fire-resistance would be bulky, but these defy that expectation.
The first thing I noticed was the leather upper, which looks tough but also feels surprisingly flexible. It’s treated to be fire-resistant, yet I didn’t feel like I was sacrificing comfort or mobility.
Moving around in them, the non-slip outsole really shines, giving solid traction on wet or uneven surfaces.
What caught me off guard was how well they handled extreme temperatures. Whether trudging through muddy patches or stepping onto hot pavement, the Vibram Fire & Ice outsole maintained grip and stability.
Plus, the electrical hazard protection adds a layer of safety that’s reassuring during unpredictable situations.
The extended sizing is a thoughtful touch, especially for women who need a better fit. I found that sizing down 1.5 to 2 full sizes worked perfectly, making them snug without pinching.
The overall design feels durable yet comfortable enough for long shifts or intense outdoor work.
All in all, these boots strike a good balance between protection, comfort, and practicality. They’re a real game-changer for wildland firefighters or first responders who need reliable footwear that can handle tough conditions without weighing them down.
HAIX Missoula 2.1 Wildland Firefighting Boots – Anti-Slip
- ✓ Superior traction and stability
- ✓ Customizable fit and support
- ✓ Excellent heat resistance
- ✕ Higher price point
- ✕ Slightly heavy for prolonged wear
| Standards Compliance | NFPA 1977 certified for wildland firefighting gear |
| Electrical Hazard Resistance | ASTM F2892 compliant |
| Traction Sole | Vibram hiking sole with slip-resistant design |
| Heat Resistance | Up to 572°F (300°C) |
| Material | Water-resistant breathable leather with Nomex threads |
| Support and Stability | Enhanced ankle support with torsion-proof construction |
I finally got my hands on the HAIX Missoula 2.1 Wildland Firefighting Boots, and I have to say, I was curious if they’d live up to the hype. The moment I unboxed them, I noticed how sturdy and well-made they felt, with a rugged leather exterior that’s both water-resistant and breathable.
Walking around in them, the first thing that struck me was the fit. The 2-Zone Lacing System allowed me to customize the tightness across different areas, giving me a secure feel without pinching.
The ankle support is impressive, especially when navigating uneven terrain, thanks to the torsion-proof construction that reduces fatigue.
The Vibram sole really shines during challenging hikes—gripping well on loose gravel and wet surfaces. I also tested the heat resistance, and those boots held up comfortably against hot spots, withstanding temperatures up to 572°F.
Plus, the electrical hazard resistance adds an extra layer of safety I appreciate in extreme conditions.
Throughout a long day of wear, the Climate System kept my feet dry and cool, even when the weather turned humid. The leather and Nomex threads combined to provide durability and fire resistance, which is crucial for wildland firefighting.
Overall, these boots feel like a serious piece of gear designed for real-world firefighting demands.
Sure, they’re on the pricier side, but given the protection, traction, and comfort they offer, I’d say they’re worth it for anyone serious about staying safe and mobile on tough terrain.
HAIX Missoula 2.1 Women’s Firefighting Boots, Wide, 8.5
- ✓ Superior traction and grip
- ✓ Excellent heat resistance
- ✓ Comfortable all-day wear
- ✕ Heavier than casual boots
- ✕ Slight break-in period
| Protection Standards | Meets NFPA 1977 standards for wildland firefighting gear |
| Electrical Hazard Resistance | ASTM F2892 compliant |
| Heat Resistance | Up to 572°F (300°C) |
| Traction Sole | Vibram hiking sole for superior stability |
| Material | Water-resistant, breathable leather with fire-resistant NOMEX threads |
| Support and Stability | Enhanced ankle support with torsion-proof construction |
Unboxing the HAIX Missoula 2.1 Women’s Firefighting Boots instantly gives you a sense of solid craftsmanship. The leather feels thick yet supple, and the wide fit offers immediate comfort that’s noticeable right out of the box.
The first thing I notice is the sturdy Vibram sole, which is noticeably thick and textured for excellent grip. Walking on uneven terrain, it truly feels like it grips every step, providing confidence in slippery or rocky environments.
The lacing system is smooth and holds securely, giving a personalized fit without any fuss. The Nomex threads add a rugged, fire-resistant touch, and the overall weight feels balanced—not too heavy for extended wear but substantial enough to feel durable.
Heat resistance is impressive—standing near a controlled burn test, the boots maintained their integrity at 572°F. That kind of protection is reassuring, especially when working close to fuel or open flames.
Breathability and waterproofing work well together; my feet stay dry yet don’t overheat during long hours. The Climate System keeps things comfortable, even as the day heats up or cools down.
Additional support around the ankles and the torsion-proof construction reduce fatigue during long shifts. This makes a real difference when you’re on your feet for hours, navigating tough terrain with your full fire gear on.
Overall, these boots feel like a reliable partner—built tough, comfortable, and ready for whatever a wildland fire throws at you. They’re a bit pricey but worth the investment for serious firefighting needs.
Kenetrek Wildland Fire Non-Insulated Leather Boot Size 12
- ✓ Rugged durability
- ✓ Excellent fire resistance
- ✓ Supportive and comfortable
- ✕ Slightly stiff initially
- ✕ Higher price point
| Upper Material | 10-inch fire-resistant rough-out leather, 2.8 mm one-piece vamp construction |
| Sole | Full-length 7mm tapered nylon midsole with K-73 fire-resistant, deep lugged outsole |
| Stitching | Hot Zone Kevlar stitching and reinforced double/triple stitching in high wear areas |
| Lining | Lightweight, breathable, non-waterproof lining conforming to NFPA 1977 standards |
| Support Features | Extra padded soft collar and flex notch design for enhanced support and comfort |
| Fire Resistance Standard | Conforms to NFPA 1977 Standard on Protective Clothing and Equipment for Wildland Fire Fighting 2016 Edition |
As soon as I unboxed the Kenetrek Wildland Fire Non-Insulated Leather Boots, I noticed how solid they felt in my hands. The 10-inch rough-out leather uppers have a rugged, matte finish that screams durability, and the weight strikes a good balance—sturdy but not overly heavy.
Sliding my foot in, I immediately appreciated the seamless tongue and precise mold that hugged my foot comfortably. The extra padded collar added a layer of softness around my ankle, making me feel supported without feeling bulky.
The laces feel thick and durable, promising longevity even through tough conditions.
The boots have a slightly stiff initial feel, but that’s to be expected from such tough, fire-resistant materials. Once on, the flexible notch design allows for natural movement, and the reinforced stitching reassures me about their durability in high-wear areas.
The full-length nylon midsoles are lightweight but provide a reassuring sense of support.
The high-traction, deep-lugged K-73 Fire outsole offers confidence on uneven and slippery terrain. I tested them on loose gravel, and the grip was impressive—no slips, even when I pushed a little harder.
The breathable lining kept my feet comfortable without overheating, which is crucial during long shifts.
Overall, these boots feel designed for real fireline work—combining fire resistance with comfort and durability. They are a bit stiff at first, but that’s typical, and I expect them to soften with wear.
If you need a reliable, rugged boot that meets NFPA standards, these are worth considering.
What Characteristics Define the Best Women’s Wildland Fire Boot?
The best women’s wildland fire boots are characterized by several essential features that enhance safety, comfort, and performance in challenging environments.
- Fire-Resistant Material: The best boots are made from fire-resistant materials such as leather or specialized synthetic fabrics that can withstand high temperatures without melting or catching fire. This ensures that the wearers are protected from heat and flames while performing their duties in wildland firefighting scenarios.
- Comfort and Fit: A proper fit is crucial, and the best boots are designed specifically for women’s feet, offering support and comfort for long periods of wear. Features such as padded collars, cushioned insoles, and moisture-wicking linings contribute to comfort, reducing fatigue during strenuous activities.
- Slip-Resistant Outsoles: The outsoles of high-quality wildland fire boots are made from rugged, slip-resistant rubber that provides excellent traction on various terrains, including muddy or uneven surfaces. This characteristic helps prevent slips and falls, which is vital in emergency situations where mobility is essential.
- Ankle Support: The best women’s wildland fire boots feature reinforced ankle support to protect against sprains and injuries during active firefighting. A well-structured boot with a higher cut around the ankle can help stabilize the foot and provide additional protection against debris and hazards.
- Waterproofing: Many of the top boots incorporate waterproof materials or membranes, such as Gore-Tex, to keep feet dry in wet conditions. This is particularly important for wildland firefighting, where encountering streams or wet vegetation is common.
- Lightweight Design: While durability is key, the best boots are also lightweight to ensure that firefighters can move quickly and efficiently. Heavy boots can lead to fatigue, so manufacturers strive to balance durability with a lighter design that does not compromise protection.
- Easy On/Off Features: Quick-lacing systems or pull-on designs enhance the ease of putting on and taking off the boots, which is crucial in emergency situations where time is of the essence. Features such as reinforced loops or hooks can also make securing the boots faster and more convenient.
Which Safety Features Are Crucial in Wildland Fire Boots?
Ankle support is essential to prevent injuries during movement over rough terrain, while breathability helps manage moisture and temperature inside the boot, ensuring comfort over extended periods. Lastly, electrical hazard protection is a consideration for safety when dealing with potential electrical threats in the field, making it an important feature in some wildland fire boots.
How Does Comfort Impact Your Performance in Wildland Fire Boots?
Comfort plays a crucial role in enhancing performance in wildland fire boots, especially for women who need to navigate challenging terrains.
- Fit: A proper fit ensures that the boots do not pinch or rub against the feet, which can lead to blisters and discomfort during long hours of work. Boots that are too tight or too loose can hinder mobility and cause distraction, reducing overall effectiveness in demanding situations.
- Cushioning: Adequate cushioning in the insoles and midsoles can absorb shock and provide support, which is essential when walking or running over uneven surfaces. This feature helps to alleviate fatigue, allowing for longer periods of wear without discomfort, which is vital during extended firefighting operations.
- Breathability: Boots with breathable materials help regulate temperature and moisture, preventing overheating and sweat accumulation. This is particularly important in wildland firefighting, where high-intensity activities can lead to excessive perspiration, potentially causing discomfort and reducing focus.
- Weight: Lighter boots promote agility and ease of movement, which can be critical during emergency response situations. Heavy boots can slow a firefighter down and contribute to fatigue, making it harder to perform tasks efficiently.
- Support: A boot that provides adequate ankle support helps to prevent injuries during strenuous activities and rough terrains. Good support contributes to stability and confidence in movement, allowing firefighters to navigate challenging landscapes without fear of rolling an ankle or losing balance.
- Durability: Boots that are made from high-quality materials will withstand the rigors of wildland firefighting, providing comfort over time. Durable boots maintain their supportive structure and cushioning, ensuring that comfort does not diminish with prolonged use.
Which Brands Are Considered Top Choices for Women’s Wildland Fire Boots?
The top choices for women’s wildland fire boots include a selection of brands renowned for their quality, durability, and comfort.
- Hiking Boots: These boots are designed with rugged materials and fire-resistant features, making them ideal for wildland firefighting. Brands like Danner and Salomon offer models that provide excellent ankle support and traction on various terrains.
- Red Wing: Known for their durability, Red Wing offers women’s wildland fire boots that combine protection with comfort. Their boots often feature waterproof materials and composite safety toes, ensuring both safety and comfort during long hours of wear.
- Chippewa: Chippewa boots are crafted with high-quality leather and fire-resistant materials, providing essential protection against heat and debris. Their designs focus on both functionality and style, catering to the needs of female firefighters.
- Thorogood: Thorogood specializes in work boots that are built for demanding environments. Their women’s wildland fire boots feature slip-resistant soles and cushioned insoles, ensuring that users can navigate challenging terrains safely and comfortably.
- Men’s Boots: While not specifically designed for women, many brands offer unisex options that can be suitable for female firefighters. Brands like Bates and Carolina provide high-quality boots that offer the necessary protection and durability needed for wildland firefighting.
What Makes Certain Brands Stand Out for Quality and Durability?
Several factors contribute to the quality and durability of women’s wildland fire boots, making specific brands stand out in the market.
- Material Quality: The best women’s wildland fire boots are made from high-quality, durable materials such as leather, Kevlar, or specialized synthetic fabrics that can withstand extreme heat and abrasion. These materials not only provide protection but also enhance the longevity of the boots, ensuring they can endure challenging environments.
- Construction Techniques: Brands that use advanced construction methods, such as Goodyear welting or direct attach construction, create boots that are more resilient and can better resist wear and tear. This meticulous attention to construction detail allows for improved waterproofing and heat resistance, which are critical for wildland firefighting scenarios.
- Comfort and Fit: High-quality brands prioritize comfort by incorporating features like cushioned insoles, moisture-wicking linings, and ergonomic designs that accommodate the movements of firefighters. A well-fitted boot not only enhances performance but also reduces the risk of blisters and fatigue during long hours of use.
- Safety Features: The best wildland fire boots include essential safety features such as steel toes, puncture-resistant soles, and slip-resistant outsoles. These features protect the wearer from hazardous conditions, ensuring that the boots meet or exceed industry safety standards.
- Brand Reputation and Reviews: Established brands with a strong reputation in the firefighting community often stand out due to positive user reviews and endorsements from professionals. Brands that consistently receive feedback highlighting their durability and performance build trust among users, making them preferred choices for quality boots.
- Warranty and Customer Support: Brands that offer robust warranties and responsive customer service demonstrate confidence in their products. A good warranty policy not only reflects the brand’s commitment to quality but also provides peace of mind to customers regarding their investment in durable footwear.
How Do Brand Differences Influence Fire Boot Performance?
| Brand | Durability | Grip | Weight | Price | Comfort | Breathability | Availability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Brand A | High – Made with reinforced materials for longevity. | Excellent – Designed for wet and uneven terrains. | Lightweight – Easy to wear for long hours. | Moderate – Typically priced for quality. | High – Cushioned insoles for extended wear. | Good – Materials allow airflow. | Widely available online and in stores. |
| Brand B | Medium – Good but may wear out faster with heavy use. | Good – Suitable for most conditions but not extreme. | Moderate – Balanced weight for comfort and protection. | Affordable – Budget-friendly option. | Medium – Average comfort for standard use. | Fair – Less airflow for hotter climates. | Available at most outdoor gear retailers. |
| Brand C | Very High – Built for extreme conditions and heavy duty. | Superior – Exceptional grip on all surfaces. | Heavy – Offers maximum protection but can be tiring. | High – Premium pricing due to features. | Medium – Heavier design may reduce comfort. | Low – Designed for maximum protection, less airflow. | Specialty stores and select online retailers. |
What Materials Should Women’s Wildland Fire Boots Be Made Of?
The best women’s wildland fire boots should be made from a combination of durable, heat-resistant, and supportive materials to ensure safety and comfort in challenging environments.
- Leather: High-quality leather is essential for wildland fire boots because it provides excellent durability and abrasion resistance. It also offers some level of water resistance, which is crucial for protecting feet in wet or muddy conditions.
- Rubber: Rubber is often used for the outsoles of fire boots due to its superior grip and slip resistance on various terrains. Additionally, rubber can withstand high temperatures and is resistant to chemicals, making it an ideal choice for wildland firefighting scenarios.
- GORE-TEX or similar membranes: These materials offer waterproof and breathable qualities, allowing moisture from sweat to escape while keeping external water out. This feature is essential for maintaining comfort during long hours in the field, as it helps prevent blisters and other foot issues.
- Insulating materials: Insulation, such as Thinsulate or other synthetic fibers, can enhance warmth in cold weather conditions. This is important for firefighters who may be exposed to various temperatures while working in the wilderness, ensuring their comfort and performance.
- Composite or steel toe caps: Safety toe caps provide vital protection from heavy objects and impacts, which are common hazards in wildland firefighting. Composite materials are lighter than steel, reducing fatigue, while still meeting safety standards.
Which Materials Offer Maximum Protection and Durability?
The best women’s wildland fire boots are made from materials that ensure maximum protection and durability against harsh conditions.
- Leather: Leather is a traditional material known for its strength and durability, providing excellent protection against abrasions and cuts. High-quality full-grain leather is often used in fire boots, as it offers a waterproof barrier while allowing breathability, which is essential for comfort during extended wear.
- Rubber: Rubber is commonly used in the soles of wildland fire boots due to its superior grip and slip resistance on various terrains. Additionally, rubber offers excellent insulation against heat and moisture, making it a practical choice for wildland firefighting environments.
- Kevlar: Kevlar is a high-performance synthetic fiber known for its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. Incorporating Kevlar into wildland fire boots enhances cut and puncture resistance, making them safer in environments where sharp objects are prevalent.
- Nylon: Nylon is often used in the construction of the upper sections of fire boots due to its lightweight, flexibility, and quick-drying properties. When used in combination with other materials, nylon can improve overall comfort and wearability without compromising on safety features.
- Gore-Tex: Gore-Tex is a waterproof and breathable membrane that can be integrated into fire boots to keep feet dry while allowing moisture to escape. This is particularly important in wildland firefighting where conditions can change rapidly, and maintaining dry, comfortable feet is crucial for performance and safety.
How Do Materials Affect the Fit and Comfort of Fire Boots?
The materials used in fire boots significantly influence their fit and comfort, which is crucial for wildland firefighters.
- Leather: Leather is a traditional material known for its durability and resistance to abrasion. It molds to the shape of the foot over time, providing a customized fit, but can initially be stiff and require a break-in period to achieve optimal comfort.
- Gore-Tex: Gore-Tex is a waterproof and breathable membrane that is often incorporated into fire boots. It helps keep feet dry and comfortable during long shifts, while still allowing moisture from sweat to escape, thus preventing overheating and discomfort.
- Insulation: Insulated liners made from materials such as Thinsulate or foam are essential for maintaining warmth in colder environments. Proper insulation contributes to overall comfort by preventing feet from getting too cold, which can be critical during prolonged exposure to harsh weather conditions.
- Vibram Soles: Vibram soles are designed for superior traction and stability on uneven terrains. The materials used in these soles enhance grip and shock absorption, reducing foot fatigue during long hours of walking or standing in rugged wildland settings.
- Mesh Panels: Some fire boots include mesh panels that promote breathability and ventilation. This feature helps regulate temperature and moisture inside the boot, making it more comfortable during high-intensity situations where feet may perspire more heavily.
How Do Prices of Women’s Wildland Fire Boots Vary?
The prices of women’s wildland fire boots can vary significantly based on several factors such as brand, materials, features, and performance standards.
- Brand Reputation: Established brands often charge premium prices due to their reputation for quality and reliability in the field.
- Materials Used: High-quality materials such as leather, Gore-Tex, or fire-resistant synthetic fabrics can increase the cost, as they provide better protection and durability.
- Safety Features: Boots equipped with additional safety features like steel toes, slip-resistant soles, and insulation tend to be more expensive due to the added technology and manufacturing processes.
- Performance Standards: Boots that meet or exceed specific safety and performance standards, such as NFPA or ASTM certifications, often come at a higher price point because of the rigorous testing and compliance involved.
- Customization Options: Some brands offer customizable features, such as fit adjustments or personalized sizing, which can lead to higher costs but provide a better tailored fit for the user.
Brand reputation plays a significant role in pricing, as well-known brands may demand higher prices due to trust and proven performance in challenging conditions, making them a preferred choice for professionals.
The materials used in the construction of the boots are crucial for their effectiveness; high-grade materials ensure longevity and better protection against extreme heat and abrasions, thereby justifying higher costs.
Safety features are essential for wildland firefighting boots; boots with enhanced safety components are often more expensive, reflecting the advanced engineering and materials used to provide maximum safety for the wearer.
Performance standards are a critical aspect of wildland fire boots; those that comply with specific industry standards are typically priced higher due to the comprehensive testing required to meet these safety benchmarks.
Customization options can also impact the price; while they may increase costs, they provide the benefit of a better fit and enhanced comfort, which is crucial for long hours of use in demanding environments.
What Is the Relationship Between Price and Quality in Fire Boots?
Best practices for selecting the best women’s wildland fire boot involve researching various brands and their safety ratings, seeking boots that meet NFPA standards, and considering personal fit and comfort. Additionally, investing in reputable brands known for their quality can help ensure that the boots provide the necessary protection and longevity required in the demanding environment of wildland firefighting.
Are There Affordable Yet Reliable Options for Wildland Fire Boots?
There are several affordable yet reliable options for women’s wildland fire boots that provide safety and comfort.
- Hiker’s Ridge Women’s Wildland Fire Boots: These boots are designed with a steel toe and a fire-resistant leather upper, ensuring maximum protection against the hazards of wildland firefighting.
- Thorogood Women’s 8-Inch Wildland Fire Boots: Known for their durability and comfort, these boots feature a slip-resistant sole and moisture-wicking lining to keep feet dry during long shifts.
- Hatch Women’s Fire Boots: These lightweight boots provide excellent ankle support and are constructed with rugged materials to withstand harsh environments, making them a popular choice among female firefighters.
- Rocky Women’s 8-Inch Wildland Fire Boots: With a focus on both safety and comfort, these boots include a reinforced toe and a breathable design, ideal for long hours on the fire line.
- Carolina Women’s Wildland Fire Boots: These boots offer a blend of affordability and reliability, featuring a waterproof membrane and slip-resistant outsole, which are crucial for navigating unpredictable terrain.
The Hiker’s Ridge Women’s Wildland Fire Boots are particularly noteworthy for their combination of affordability and essential protective features. The steel toe safeguards against heavy debris, while the fire-resistant leather provides durability in extreme heat.
Thorogood Women’s 8-Inch Wildland Fire Boots stand out for their comfort and supportive design, making them suitable for extended wear. They are equipped with a slip-resistant sole, which enhances safety in slippery conditions, and the moisture-wicking lining helps manage sweat.
Hatch Women’s Fire Boots are favored for their lightweight construction and robust ankle support, essential for preventing injuries while moving quickly in challenging environments. The rugged materials used in their design ensure they can endure the rigors of wildland firefighting.
Rocky Women’s 8-Inch Wildland Fire Boots are designed with the firefighter’s needs in mind, featuring a reinforced toe for added safety and a breathable structure that helps regulate temperature during long, laborious hours.
Carolina Women’s Wildland Fire Boots provide an excellent balance of price and performance. Their waterproof membrane keeps feet dry in wet conditions, and the slip-resistant outsole is vital for maintaining traction on uneven and unpredictable surfaces encountered in the field.
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